CLIMATE-RESILIENT AGRICULTURE IN INDONESIA AND TURKIYE: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF POLICY, PRODUCTIVITY, AND SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS (2000–2023)

Abstrak

Climate change exerts asymmetric pressures on agriculture in emerging economies, where adaptive capacity is constrained by structural fragmentation, fiscal limits, and uneven institutional coverage. This article delivers a comparative descriptive review of agricultural climate resilience in Indonesia and Turkiye over the 2000–2023 period, drawing on harmonised aggregate indicators from FAOSTAT, the World Bank World Development Indicators, IRENA, and national policy documents. Three analytical axes are examined: (i) the structural profile of the agricultural sector (employment share, value added, land productivity, and total factor productivity proxies); (ii) climate vulnerability patterns proxied by temperature trends, irrigation dependence, and disaster exposure; and (iii) the adaptation–mitigation policy landscape, including the Indonesian Climate Resilience Development Policy under RPJMN 2020–2024 and the Turkish National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and 12th Development Plan. The review highlights three convergences (decoupling of agricultural employment from value added, rising input-intensity, and incomplete crop insurance penetration) and three divergences (water governance architecture, smallholder versus mid-scale producer dominance, and renewable-energy diffusion in agri-food chains). The paper does not estimate causal parameters; rather, it provides a structured evidence base to guide subsequent panel-econometric work and to inform policy design in the two countries. Limitations relate to data harmonisation across heterogeneous national statistical systems and to the descriptive nature of the analysis.